The History of the Brassiere - Mary Phelps Jacob

The first modern brassiere to receive a patent was the one invented in 1913 by a New York socialite named Mary Phelps Jacob. Jacob had just purchased a sheer evening gown for one of her social events. At the time, the only acceptable undergarment was a corset stiffened with whaleback bones. Jacob found that the whalebones poked out visibly around the plunging neckline and under the sheer fabric. Two silk handkerchiefs and some pink ribbon later, Jacob had designed an alternative to the corset. The corsets reign was starting to topple. An unhealthy and painful device designed to narrow an adult womens waist to 13, 12, 11 and even 10 inches or less, the invention of the corset is attributed to Catherine de Mà ©dicis, wife of King Henri II of France. She enforced a ban on thick waists at court attendances during the 1550s and started over 350 years of whalebones, steel rods and midriff torture. Jacobs new undergarment complimented the new fashion  trends  introduced at the time and demands from friends and family were high for the new brassiere. On November 3, 1914, a U.S. patent for the Backless Brassiere was issued. Caresse Crosby Brassieres Caresse Crosby was the business name Jacob used for her brassiere production line. However, running a business was not enjoyable to Jacob and she soon sold the brassiere patent to the Warner Brothers Corset Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut for $1,500. Warner (the bra-makers, not the movie-makers) made over fifteen million dollars from the bra patent over the next thirty years. Jacob was the first to patent an undergarment named Brassiere derived from the old French word for upper arm. Her patent was for a device that was lightweight, soft and separated the breasts naturally. History of the Brassiere Here are other points in the history of the brassiere worth mentioning: In 1875, manufacturers George Frost and George Phelps patented the Union Under-Flannel, a no bones, no eyelets and no laces or pulleys under-outfit.In 1893, a woman named Marie Tucek patented the breast supporter. The device included separate pockets for the breasts and straps that went over the shoulder, fastened by hook-and-eye closures.In 1889, corset-maker Herminie Cadolle invented the Well-Being or Bien-à ªtre, a bra-like device sold as a health aid. The corsets support for the breasts squeezed up from below. Cadolle changed breast support to the shoulders down.World War I dealt the corset a fatal blow when the U.S. War Industries Board called on women to stop buying corsets in 1917. It freed up some 28,000 tons of metal!In 1928, a Russian immigrant named Ida Rosenthal founded Maidenform. Ida was responsible for grouping women into bust-sized categories (cup sizes). Bali WonderBra The Bali Brassiere Company was founded by Sam and Sara Stein in 1927 and was originally called the FayeMiss Lingerie Company. The companys best-known product has been the WonderBra, marketed as The One And Only WonderBra. Wonderbra is the trade name for an underwired bra with side padding that is designed to uplift and  add  cleavage. Bali launched the WonderBra in the U.S. in 1994. But the first WonderBra was the WonderBra - Push Up Plunge Bra, invented in 1963 by Canadian designer Louise Poirier. According to Wonderbra USA this unique garment, the forerunner of todays Wonderbra push-up bra had 54 design elements that lifted and supported the bust to create dramatic cleavage. Its precision engineering involved three-part cup construction, precision-angled back and underwire cups, removable pads called cookies, gate back  design for support  and rigid straps.

How Was Your Interest In Social Work Developed. I Have

How was your interest in social work developed? I have had many different experiences which have cultivate my interest in the social work profession. My experience is the very personal story of growing up in a â€Å"middle class† family and watching my parents struggle with limited resources. My brother was born with cerebral palsy and has on several occasions stopped breathing. His condition required numerous hospitalizations and surgeries. While this was hard enough six years later I was born, 3 months early the result of a drunk driver hitting my mother’s car and was most likely not going to survive. When I was two years old finally meeting milestones and a seemingly healthy baby my father got a call about his nephew. A boy that no one†¦show more content†¦When I was in high school I was still very unsure about pursuing a career in social work. Everyone around me was asking questions like â€Å"How much will you make?† or â€Å"What is the job outlook?† and making statements like â€Å"We ll you better not plan on making much money at that!† I felt very unsure, growing up in a family that never had much, about getting a degree that didn’t have many financial prospects. When I was a senior I meet Mrs.Goostree, Goose for short. She taught Jobs for Illinois Graduate a program that help high school seniors build team leading and communication skills for the future. It has since been cut from the state budget but had an enormous impact on my life and my future. I was able to volunteer and learn that money, while it is great, isn’t everything. Goose taught me that I should do something because I love it regardless of the financial outlook. She would always say that she never worked a day in her life because she loved going to work and was passionate about her job. This is a lesson that has stuck with me through the years. She taught me to â€Å"Be the first penguin† and never be afraid of failure because it is sometimes the biggest learning oppor tunity; she acquire this lesson from Randy Pausch’s Last Lecture, a book that was a staple of our classroom and gave everyone a new outlook on life and the future. She is someone who hates compliments she is amazingly humble and would cringe at the thought of beingShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Education Program Models1115 Words   |  5 PagesYour task is to select one of the early childhood education program models from the list below to analyze in depth 1) Montessori 2) High/Scope: I choose from the list of education program models the High/Scope Curriculum model to analyze. 3) Waldorf 4) Bank Street 5) Reggio Emilia For the model reviewed, answer the following questions in the outline format below. 1) Description of the model: The program focuses on the development of the wholeRead MoreHow to Write an Sop for Grad School1587 Words   |  7 PagesHOW TO WRITE A WINNING STATEMENT OF PURPOSE FOR A GRADUATE SCHOOL Compiled by Shoukat Iqbal Khattak Faculty Member Bahria University of Management Sciences-Karachi campus E-mail: shoukat.iqbal@bimcs.edu.pk Developed Created by Anthony O. Okobi using: STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Table of Content 1. 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It is a bit awkward writing like this. There are a few things I wanted to say. It has recently come to my attention that you may have some problems. You might pretend like you do not know what I am talking about, so let me lay it out specifically for you: your lack of motivation and your fixed mindset in some areas of your life are undermining your potential. Fortunately, there are some solutions that might work for you which I foundRead MoreMy Aspiration For A Technical Career936 Words   |  4 PagesComputer Science STATEMENT OF PURPOSE I am a person who has always had a profound passion and fascination for areas requiring an analytical approach. Right from early days at school, Mathematics has intrigued me. The most challenging of all problems were my favorites and obtaining solutions to them would leave me with a sheer feeling of ecstasy. I always did and always would thrive on solving the most challenging problems. With a compelling desire to excel, hard work became my second nature. My aspirationRead MoreMy Experience At The University Of California Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pages# Please describe how you have prepared for your intended major, including your readiness to succeed in your upper-division courses once you enroll at the university. Being the grand-daughter of an officer in Hong Kong Customs and Excise department, listen to my grandmother s anecdotes about her work has been a big part of my childhood memories. My interests in sociology developed over the course of interaction with my grand-mother. I observed her successes as an officer in the Customs and ExciseRead MoreVision Without Action Is A Daydream1307 Words   |  6 PagesAction without vision is a nightmare. My interest in Design, though initially new found, has now been so immense that my duration of study for the entire course of Bachelor of Design has been completed with utmost sincerity and passion. The potential for transforming the mundane into the aesthetically pleasing is what attracts me to design, and after careful thought, I have decided to devote my future career in this field. To accomplish this objective, I have considered to apply for the MS in InteriorRead MoreStudying Psychology and Wanting To Become A Counselor1016 Words   |  4 PagesI have had many experiences in my life that led me to study psychology as an undergraduate and to now pursue a Master’s degree in counseling. As a child, I was raised by a drug addicted mother and grandmother. Through observing and being around individuals suffering with this type of mental illness, I gained firsthand experience of what it was like to live with individuals suffering from a psychological disorder. My childhood sparked an interest in human behavior and what a persons line of thought

Lab #3 Report. Isolation of bacteria from environment Free Essays

LAB Report #3 Introduction: In this lab we have focus on Isolation of bacteria from environment. Microorganisms are found throughout the environment: in the air and water; on the surface of any object such as clothes, walls, furniture; in soil and dust; and on and in our own bodies (skin and mucous membranes). In order to demonstrate the ubiquity and diversity of microbes in the environment, samples from immediate areas of the environment and/or from your body will be obtained and cultured. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab #3 Report. Isolation of bacteria from environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Materials: 4 sterile cotton swab, sterile water in test tube, 4 agar plates and 2 blood agar plates, wax pencil and labels. Procedure: Appropriately label the cover of each plate as indicated in lab. 1. Determine 2 sampling sources, one from your body and one from the surrounding environment. 2. For the first agar plate, for sampling from air, remove the lids from the plate and allow it to sit uncovered for 15 minutes. 1. For second agar plate, open the â€Å"stick† end of the sterile cotton swabs to avoid contamination of the swab. Deep the swab in to the sterile water and collect a dust form the corner of the table by swab and rub the swab over the entire surface of the Petri dish without going back over areas you have already swabbed. . For the third agar plate, divide the plate in two different parts like washed and unwashed finger tip and swipe on each side of plate, see the difference between them. 4. For the forth agar plate, divide it into the four equal part and tested four different place for bacterial grow. In first part, remove the sterile cotton swab from the package and immerse it in the sterile water and take the bacteria from forearm and swipe the swab on first part. For second part, again take the sterile cotton swab and immerse it in sterile water, and take the bacteria from back of ear and rub on the second part. For third part, again take the sterile cotton swab and immerse it in sterile water, and take the bacteria from handle of microscope and swipe on the third part. For last part, again take the sterile cotton swab and deep in to the sterile water, and take the bacteria from toilet sit and swipe on the forth part. 5. For the fifth slide, we take blood agar plate and drawing line in central part of the plate. For one part used for kiss on that part and second part used for licked on that part for bacteria grow. 6. For last, we take another blood agar plate and we had to cough on this agar plate. Leave all agar plates in the incubator for 1 week to grow bacteria. Discussion: After one week, I was able to observe my Petri plates, which were filled with bacteria. The first plate had few yellow color colonies. That shows bacterial growth. Air was contaminant. For second plate, it had huge yellowish and few brownish color colonies and clear halos around them. Dust also had bactria. For third plate, on unwashed part had more yellowish color tiny spots and on washed part had few whitish color tiny spot. Washed had few bacteria that may be from the water while unwashed hand had more bacterial contamination. For forth agar plate, first part had more yellowish color spots, second part had more brownish color spot, third part had no bacterial colonies and forth part had only three yellowish color colonies. That show microscope handle is not bacterial contaminant while all other object is contaminant with bacteria. For the first blood agar plate, for the side that was kissed had huge brownish color spot and there were clear halos around it, and on other side that was licked had brownish color line. Bacteria also present in both sample. For the second blood agar plate, there is no discoloration in the plate so I think there have not bacterial growth in the Petri dish. Conclusion: In this lab we have focus on mainly â€Å" Isolation of bacteria from environment â€Å" and to observe the growth of bacteria in favorable condition and observation of the color and shape of the bacterial colony. Bacteria are found in a wide variety of environments—in or on animals and plants, in water, in soil, in air, or on rock. Generally, they are contributors to the environment, decaying nutrients and recycling the minerals (for use by plants and other organisms). Bacteria are both metabolically diverse as well as structurally diverse. As I have learned we carry bacteria when we are in perfect health as well when we are sick. From this lab we have learned that bacteria are present everywhere but we can achieve healthy life by hygiene. How to cite Lab #3 Report. Isolation of bacteria from environment, Essay examples

Interview Qs and As Free- Sample for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Why do you Choose to Pursue your undergraduate study in the United States? How do you like this Country?2.Tell me More about St. Louis, Missouri? How do you like it?3.Why do you Choose Beijing to work at after Graduation?4.Why do you like Beijing?5.Books Recently read? Movies recently watched?6.Tell Me more about Qingming Festival and Dragon Boat Festival.7.Why do you Choose England for Graduate Study?8.Recent plans? Answers: Interview Qs And As 1.I have chosen to pursue my undergraduate study in the United States since its one of the worlds most reputed countries. Moreover, you see, the US has such an advanced knowledge of economics and finance with an extensive platform to gain international exposure, I will be able to learn and explore much more in the field of finance. Being one of the most developed countries, I will also have an opportunity to interact with people with diverse backgrounds which even makes it more extensive to actually learn. I have chosen this country because of one more reason- the United States in itself is a very comprehensive country, being a case study in itself for financial economical decisions. Sir, also I can say, the timeline of this country extensively describes how this country has made itself what it is now and students from each and every part of the world come here to study. I like this country way too much because of its quality of the academic education and dedicated human resource whi ch they provide. Even the environment for students is so friendly and free, for them to be the masters of their destiny and carve their futures here. 2.Sir what I have read and understood after hearing about this city is that St. Louis is one of the most charitable cities in here, I love the way they respect art and have given full right to people to access it. I wont even deny that I dont know a fact about it being one of the happiest cities for college graduates in terms of jobs etc. Moreover the aesthetic beauty of this city is way too beautiful and they even have the apartments which are totally affordable for students. This even makes me more interested in this city. Also the art, symphony, orchestra, zoo etc. is so available for everyone freely which makes you rejoice the feel of being in this part of the world so amazing. 3.I had worked in Beijing after my studies because it being the capital of Chin, it also has great corporate cultures and even a very good spread of worlds best companies. Also the city, having great opportunities to work, I could actually explore a lot in terms of my professional environment. Staying close to my family was also one of the reasons. To be there for them and even help them in their thick and thin, I was of a great help to my parents when I was there close to them, so that in any issue I was there to help them or else at least could reach to them for help 4.As even mentioned about this place, Beijing is one of the cities which have the worlds biggest monastery which can actually make anyone feel so peaceful. Even the Tian'anmen Square is there which can be seen free of cost and is one of the biggest squares. Also the historical sites which are there in Beijing, very few places can provide you with such an extensive list to visit and enjoy. The food also and even the snack street is one of the best one to actually explore like Dragon Escalator which is worlds longest and takes you to the top of the China Dam. The city is modern with so many heritage places, which gives you even more happiness. I felt the same when I was there. 5.To Live: A Novel by Yu Hua is a very amazing book which tells how you can actually lead a life with peace. No matter what you are born with, you always need to respect it. The story of this rich spoilt boy turns into a nice peasant and the transformation has been depicted beautifully which made me learn all the good things about life and many life lessons. The movie I recently watched was Milk. A 2008 American biographical film based on the life of gay rights activist and politician Harvey Milk is a great record of how all the protests have happened and how finally rights were given. 6.The Tomb-Sweeping Day is one of the most important Chinese festivals which is celebrated on the first day of the fifth solar term of the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. This is mostly always the 15th day after the Spring Equinox. Thus 4th or 5th April in a given year it is celebrated. Cleaning the tomb is one of the most important part and then paying respect to the dead person. The weeds are cleared around it and then the favorite food and wine is taken off as a respect to them. This is burnt in hope that that person doesnt have lack of any of them. The Dragon Boat Festival is on the summer solstice. It is also known as Zhongxiao Festival which is actually for commemorating fealty and filial piety. The festival occurs on the 5th day of the 5th month as per the traditional Chinese calendar. Thus it is also called the Double Fifth Festival. 7.Since England has a good reputation in education. There are many world-class universities in England. Also London is one of the most important financial centers in the world, so I think studying in London will give me incomparable opportunities to learn from top global organizations during my graduate studies. Also being curious and inquisitive, I have never been to England before, so Im very curious about this country and its processes, places, people etc. Also England have one of the best places to offer and there culture speaks for themselves which makes me even more interested to have me studying here and explore their horizons. 8.Im planning to take several trips with my family. We havent made a decision yet. But were considering Thailand or Australia. We went to Phuket Island in Thailand before, and we had a really good time there. The food there is really delicious and a must try. The things in Thailand are very cheap and most with good quality. This time we want to go to other cities like Bangkok and Chiangmai. We are even thinking of going to Australia because we have never been to the southern hemisphere as this will give chance to us to see new cultures and different people.

Democracy Definition, Types, Systems and Benefits

Table of Contents Introduction Overview Systems of Democracy Types of Democracy Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Democracy is a type of governance where people participate in making laws and rules; â€Å"it is the political regime where people will become the law of the country† (Lane and Erson 2). This article will give a description of what is democracy, types of democracy, systems of democracy and its benefits in public administration.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy: Definition, Types, Systems and Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overview Democracy can be viewed as a majority rule. When democracy is implemented, there is no favor given to any person or a group of people. All people are treated equally while assigning positions and only consensus determines if a person qualifies for a position or not (Lane and Erson 2). Characteristics of democracy are based on â€Å"separatio n of powers i.e. legislative power, executive power and judicative power, the constitution, laws, decrees, elections, political parties and referendums† (Democracy 1). Democracy is beneficial in that it enhances economic growth, good health, and environmental conservation. It also promotes peace in a country. This makes it important in formulating policies and public administration. Systems of Democracy There are three major systems of democracy namely, direct democracy, presidential democracy and parliamentary democracy. Direct democracy gives equal rights to its members where the head of state is elected from the people in the government periodically. All parties are included in the government and laws are made through a special procedure which finalizes with a referendum e.g. in Switzerland. Presidential democracy is where the president is elected by the citizens and is given a lot of power in the government and can oppose a proposed law e.g. USA and France. Parliamentary d emocracy is whereby the head of state is either a king or a queen. The government is made by members of parliament who have the power to dismiss it. Their laws are made by the government which is composed of the leaders of different parties e.g. Germany, UK and Spain (Democracy 1). Types of Democracy There are five types of democracy. The liberal democracy came up from the West after people had suffered in the Western countries because of unfair policies which were being applied.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The citizens were seeking freedom when they decided to unite and decide what laws were going to guide them in their country. It came into action through reaching citizens at their places of work, schools and media. This type of democracy gives each citizen his/her rights other than a group of people. This is in contrast to the liberal-republican type which recognize s group and gives them their rights e.g. in Canada, Switzerland and Belgium (Smooha 424). In this case communities can have their own individual rights. The multicultural democracy is where the laws recognize different community practices but they do not make them administrative. This moderately assimilates the citizens. Consociational democracy is whereby people are more equal in distribution of resources and power. Lastly, ethnic democracy is where rights are given on group basis. The least of the groups may hold a protest to oppose a law (Smooha 426). Conclusion Democracy involves many citizens in deciding who rules and which laws will be used in a country. It is beneficial because it gives freedom and reduces violence amongst the people. Countries may decide to have direct democracy, presidential democracy or parliamentary democracy. They also choose from five types of democracy namely, liberal democracy, liberal-republican democracy, ethnic democracy, consociational democracy o r multicultural democracy. Works Cited Democracy. Different systems of Democracy. Democracy, n.d. Web. http://www.democracy-building.info/systems-democracy.html Lane, Jan-Erik and Erson, Svante. Democracy. New York, NY: Routledge, 2003. Print. Smooha, Sammy. Types of democracy and modes of conflict management in ethnically divided societies. Haifa, 2002. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy: Definition, Types, Systems and Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Democracy: Definition, Types, Systems and Benefits was written and submitted by user Freddy T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Converse Essays

Converse Essays Converse Essay Converse Essay oduced and distributed Just as the nation was recovering from the effects of the Great Depression, with the economy somewhat stabilized following Roosevelts New Deal, and with the looming 2nd world war, Capras Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) is an important document not only in terms of the state of affairs as it was at the time of its production, but also in terms of what led up to it and what was about to follow. To better understand how the film accomplishes this, one must first examine the idea of freedom and its changing meaning in the period leading up to Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. Following that, the ways in which this idea is used in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and to what end, will be explored. Finally, the films role as an active agent in the reality that is to ensue with the outbreak of the 2nd World War, as relating to the past/present reality of the time and Capras manipulation of this reality, shall be considered. During the depression and its aftermath, the idea of freedom took several meanings as different issues were at the forefront of the American socioeconomic reality. Foner xplores depression-era ideas of freedom, concluding that the socioeconomic freedom (to work and be able to earn ones living) became of greater importance than the political freedom (as expressed in the constitution). [l] But this idea soon came to change as the conditions improved following Roosevelts New Deal. Following the labour union disputes and the more militant activism of organizations like the CIO and the Popular Front on the side of the workers, civil liberties and the freedom of speech took an increasingly central role as the decade was nearing its end[2]. The creation of the Department of Justices Civil Liberties Unit in 1939, established civil liberties as an issue with a central place in the New Deal understanding of freedom [3]. It is exactly this idea of freedom that Mr. Smith Goes to Washington builds on to convey Capras message. While Capras film conveyed the nations self image as it was at the time (perhaps more than one has any right to expect according to Bergman[4]), it also used this self image in order to make its message heard by his listeners. Qualifying Capras way of manipulating images as genius and referring to the way that he understood enough of what people wanted to help create a consciousness, and to build himself into the renders the work not only as one of a reactive nature, but also as an active protagonist. As Muscio notes, Capra was not simply a witness or narrator, but rather a key protagonist in the relationship between communications and politics[6]. As Capra explains: For two hours youve got em. Hitler cant keep em that long. You eventually reach more people than Roosevelt does on the radio[7]. freedom of speech, employing such rhetoric as: Libertys too precious a thing to be buried in books Men should hold it up in front of them every single day of their lives and say: Im free to think and to speak[8] or Fighting for something better than Just jungle law, fghting sos he can stand on his own two feet, free and But while such a fight was being fought at home by the CIO and protected by the Civil Liberties Unit, Capra points to the looming fght to keep these liberties overseas with his mention of Hitler

Mona Lisa`s Portrait Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mona Lisa`s Portrait Analysis - Essay Example It is often assumed that standing in front of the portrait evokes senses that also create some sort of connection with the woman in the portrait. The whole idea of standing and appreciating the beauty of the portrait is quite fascinating and alluring in every sense considering its recognition as one of the highly admired piece of artwork in the world (Claire (1999) The portrait is a fine piece of work of one of the highly admired and well-respected artist of the world, Leonardo Da Vinci. His creativity and artistic touch earned him a place in millions of hearts across the world. It is assumed that Leonardo Da Vinci never completed his artworks and used to leave them unfinished. The portrait of Mona Lisa took four years of time to emerge as one of the highly intriguing portraits of all time. This piece of art was finished in the 15th century in France that also highlight the fact of the rise of art and creativity in different parts of the world. The portrait of Mona Lisa did not grab eyeballs till the 19th century when emerging symbolist movement began to recognize its worth, beauty and relevance. The appreciation level reached new heights attracting others to appreciate the work along with identifying wide arrays of stories pertaining to the woman’s face, landscape and the whole idea of portraying a woman showcasing enigmatic emotions. Analyzing the picture gives an idea that the whole ambiance of the portrait is quite unique and appealing in nature. The folded hands of the woman highlight her reserved posture while her eyes and lips speak unheard stories and emotions. The face and emotions welcome the viewer with a smile that is enigmatic in nature yet appealing and spellbinding. The corners of the mouth and eyes have been painted brightly that enhances the beauty of the portrait.

Liquidity Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Liquidity Function - Essay Example Liquidity preference is the desire to hold cash. The money in cash and the rate of interest which is demanded in exchange for it is a "measure of the degree of our disquietude (ICFAI Center for Management Research (ICMR), 2005)." The rate of interest, in Keynes' words, is the "premium which has to be offered to induce people to hold the wealth in some form other than hoarded money." The higher the liquidity preference, the higher will be the rate of interest that will have to be paid to the holders of cash to induce them to part with their liquid assets. The lower the liquidity preference the lower will be the rate of interest that will be paid to the cash-holders. Transaction Motive: This motive is related to the "need of cash for the current transactions of personal and business exchanges." It is further divided into the income and business motives. The income motive is meant "to bridge the interval between the receipt of income and its disbursement", and similarly, the business motive is "the interval between the time of incurring business costs and that of the receipt of the sale proceeds." Precautionary Motive: The precautionary motive relates to the "the desire to provide for contingencies regarding sudden expenditures and for unforeseen opportunities of advantageous purchases." Banks keep cash in reserve to meet unexpected needs. Individuals hold some cash to provide for illness, accident, unemployment and other unforeseen contingencies. Money under the speculative motive is for "securing profit from knowing better than the market what the future will bring forth." Liquidity Vs Profitability Short run trade-off exists between liquidity and profitability. Other things remaining constant, the more liquid a bank the lower its return on equity and return on assets (The Banker, 2004). Both asset and liability liquidity contribute to this relationship. Facts about liquidity of a bank: The more liquid a bank, the less profitable the bank Liquid assets earn less than illiquid assets. The shorter the maturity, the lower the yield. The highest yielding loans are loans with the highest default or interest rate risk and are therefore the least liquid. Asset liquidity is influenced by the composition and maturity of funds i.e. the ease with which a bank can convert assets to cash with a minimum loss (Comptroller of the Currency Administrator of National Banks, 2001). Large holdings of cash assets evidently decrease profits because of the opportunity loss of interest income. In terms of investment portfolio, short-term securities yield lower returns compared to long-term securities. As investors value price stability and therefore long-term securities pay a yield premium over short term securities, to induce the investors to extend their holding period. For banks that purchase short-term securities, this increases the liquidity but at higher potential returns. For example, in an environment where market expectations are constant for short-term treasury yields, the treasury yield curve will slope upwards, reflecting liquidity premiums that increase with maturity. A bank's loan portfolio displays the same trade-off where the loans carrying the higher yields are the least

Movie Response Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response - Movie Review Example I agree with movie’s director that most of these topics are a taboo in the Egyptian culture. As cited by Mattin, in the movie: while Zaki lives in vanishing luxury and loves women, Bothayna is a victim of sexual harassment while working as a shop assistant in order to fend for her family after her father’s demise, Bothyana’s boyfriend, Taha (Mohamed Imam), is not wanted in the police and joins a radical Islamic group, and gay newspaper editor who seduces a young soldier (Bassem Samra). The Egyptian board of censors gave the movie an adults-only rating. As a consequence, the movie has sparked a lot controversy in Egypt. For example, the legislators denounced the film on the floor of the House, and a subsequent television series of similar name cut out the homosexuality part. However, the movie still became one of the highest-grossing movies Egypt has ever produced. Marwan Hamed is able to balance these story lines with skill, bring out credible performances from the cast, and expertly handles the variations in tone and scale. To me, the movie is an epic in scope. To others, it may be tender and intimate. According to Mahajan (2), the film, The Yacoubian Building is one of the bravest movies that have been produced in Egypt. Now a former shadow of its former, the Building is a metaphor for Egypt where the country was faced with poverty and corruption under the leadership of President Hosni Mubarak. On the other hand, the movie’s weakness is that the more than 2 hrs 30 minutes duration makes The Yacoubian Building tiresome to watch. The other weakness is that by using the most expensive building of; Yocoubian apartment. The movie is the most expensive in Egypt making it inaccessible to the majority of the audience. The divergent plot lines imply that the opening scenes of this movie lack the narrative zap. However, in general, I am of the opinion that in spite of the

History of the North and South Korea Border Conflict

History of the North and South Korea Border Conflict In recent years, the relation between North Korea and South Korea becomes better. And in the latest news, the two parts of Korea decided to stop the conflict and sign the peace treaty. That even surprised people around the world and attracted many political criticizers from multiple nations. So what happened to make the conflict between North and South Korea become so famous? Why did Korea divide into two parts as the North and the South? How did the Korean War relate to World War II? And what did Korea do to make it become the highest security concern to the US? We all know that since the development of nations around the world, the need for expanding the territory of those countries has escalated as well. However, the region of each country is regulated by UN rules and international order. Therefore, more and more nations fight over their regions. North Korea wanted to expand its territory so started to invade South Korea’s region and created one of the most popular regional conflict, which is known as North-South Korea border dispute. The tension between North and South Korea has continuously lasted. The roots of the conflict on the Korean Peninsula started in 1945, at the end of the Second World War. Before 1945, Korea was still a part of the Empire of Japan. However, the situation started to change in August 1945. Japan’s Kwantung Army surrendered the Red Army, â€Å"The northern part of the Korean peninsula was liberated,† this statement means that at that time, only a northern part of Korea was free from Japanese Army. Two separate zones of the country were formed along the 38th parallel between USSR in the North and the US in the South. As a consequence, the two divided nations would receive supervision from the two different parties. North Korea or known as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea got help from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), while the South was under the protection of the US. In 1947, the issue of forming the single state of Korea was mentioned in UN Co mmission on August 1948, the Republic of Korea was proclaimed. Over time, the differences of military and political regimes between two countries develop and create a massive tension. However, the conflict between the two parts of Korean Peninsula started to break out in June 1950. North Korea provoked bloody strife when Prime Minister of North Korea, Kim Il-sung decided to invade the South. There were 75000 North Korean soldiers running across the 38th, and 10,000 soldiers died daily before the war broke out. On June 25, 1950, the war happened â€Å"between US Armed Forces, along with 15 other countries under the banner of a UN multinational force fighting for South Korea, and the DPRK, backed by Chinese and Soviet troops.† which was known as the Korean War. So, what is the real reason for the bloody conflict between North and South Korea last for a half of a decade? The tension of two parts of the Korean peninsula is in the hottest stage. This battle got a lot of attention from multination around the world. Many people drew up possible hypothesizes about the factor of Korea War. However, there were still many questions remained unanswered over time. The collision was related to World War II and believed to be a part of the international power struggle between USSR and the US. In the North, Kim II Jung received the help his patrons included the Soviet Union and China. He formed his country as The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Kim II Jung also rose up skillful political leaders who knew how to build an aura of captivating charismatic power. Therefore, the president of North Korea controlled his country by force and regulations. North Korean people could be in jail if they against these rules. They had a very limited contact with the actual world. The country constructed itself as a dictatorship nation. Additionally, North Korea tried to build a good relationship with the Soviet Union to borrow USSR’s army to expand territory. Kim II Jung desired to reunify Korea. Thus, he repeatedly asked Joseph Stalin for military permission long time before the invention, according to The Wilson Quarterly. Moreover, at that time, USSR and The US were in the state of cold war. Stalin wanted to use Korean War as a means of measuring the West’s power. The leader of Soviet Union wanted to demonstrate its aggressiveness to the world. And if there would be no resistance, Korean War would become a stepping stone for USSR to conquer the world. On the other hand, South Korea was also democratic regime with fewer regulations. Citizen vote elected Prime Minister. People had the freedom of speech and connected to the world around. South Korean at that time was allied with the US and others fifteen countries. The US declared that it would not guarantee South Korea’s security, according to The Wilson Quarterly. The purpose of that declaration was not to make USSR not to have any caution with the US power. USA wanted to give an unexpected counter-attack to USSR to express their military potential. They also meant to threaten others plans of USSR. The Korean War began on June 25, 1590. Primarily, people thought it happened to be a civil war between two parts of a country. However, The Korean War was an international offence when the Soviet Union planned the North Koreas attack.   Moreover, Soviet-led tens of thousands of North Korean soldiers across the 38th parallel invade South Korea territory. As an expectation, the US and other fifteen countries countered the Korean War aims to change the international issues. Until 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s threated to use nuclear weapons on the northern continent. Worrying about the desolation of nuclear missile on the nation, after Stalin’s death, his uncertain successors, decided to end the Korean War via the armistice. In 1953, over a million soldiers and civilians not only from both sides of Korea but also from America, China, Russia and Britain dead. This war created a fear of the ‘domino effects’ to many allied nations. People recognize that the price of victory would be too high for any party; there was no point in letting the war continued. Fortunately, an armistice agreement was created in Panmunjom on July 27, 1953, and signed by both parties of Korea. In the armistice, although official peace between the North and the South was not established, a â€Å"demarcation line with a four-kilometer-wide demilitarized zone on both sides.† After that, in July 1972, the North and the South signed another treaty, the North-South Joint Statement. The statement was mainly about â€Å"independently, without reliance on foreign powers; peacefully, and based on a great ethnic consolidation.† After the Korean war, both parts of Korea made much of devastations their countries. North Korea lost its essential source of support due to the collapsing of USSR. Also, it lost all of the usual diplomatic relations with other countries and became the prominent security concerns of the United Nations. Furthermore, many Korean families were split due to the different kind of thoughts, either communism or non-communism. While South Korea became a significant economic and technological power, North Korea is still poverty, heavily militarized nation. The differences put North and South Korean in the state of ‘ready-to-fight’ over a period and have no clue of ending. Even though the Korean War ended for more than half of a century and many treaties were signed to keep the national peace. Technically, the two parts of the Korean Peninsula are still in the state of cold war. This tension does not only affect the diplomatic relations between North and South Korea but also become an international concern. Other allied countries started to have precaution with North Korea, North Korea isolates itself as an independent, socialist state and become aggressive to the world. The tension between North and South Korea has been continued up until now and causes many damages on both sides of the Korean Continent. While North Korea suffered from famine and economic crisis and the political system was predicted to be regressed. In the South, another vision of reformation developed. Korean people thought that the reunification would happen organically – not through military force or political solution. However, the idea that each part is following is diffe rent from the other. North Korea stubbornly wants to reunite with South Korea under North Korea’s philosophy, socialism. On the other hand, South Korean intends to run the country as a democratic system. Therefore, the questions of achieving reunification remain unanswered over time. In South Korea, the government wants to run the country under a democratic system. Because the South had a larger population compared to the North, thus, it cannot be managed in the same way as Kim’s empire. South Korea seeks freedom for its people. Park Chung Hee wants his citizens to talk what they want freely. Citizens have a right to decide who would be their prime minister. Also, residents are also allowed to connect to the world. Moreover, Park President wants to develop the Korean economic. Due to the division along Korean Peninsula, Korean economy was damaged enormously. The North-South joint factory was forced to close. As a result, hundreds of North Korean have to return to their state. The unemployed rate in the North escalated dramatically. Electric power and water supply have also been cut as well. In the term of tightening up the sanction on North Korea, the national economic system was almost collapsed. The deviation of economies between North and South Korea makes the unification more difficult than ever. Park Chung Hee wants to get close to the North, balance out the differences and turn Korea into the most economical and technological in Asia. In North Korea, Kim Jong Un wants to reunify Korea with a socialist idea. That idea was formed since Kim II Jung. The president of North Korea had an idea of building a country as a dictatorial system. He wanted to control his citizens with military force because he thought that people would be obedient to what he said due to the scare of death. Also, he wanted the country to be isolated from the rest of the world. When the nation became backward, the citizens would not dare to rebel; they would be loyal to the country. North Korea’s president understood the efficacy of the power force. Thus, he would love to keep that power not only during his lifetime but also beyond the time of his throne to mobilize the masses toward ambitious political goals. Moreover, on the reunification plan, Kim Jong Un also wants to take advantages of South Korea to develop the military system. According to Heather Stephenson, â€Å"Over the past 20 years, Seoul has given the Kim regime, on the record, over $10 billion, without any monitoring of who receives the aid.† There was still a mysterious thing to know whether that amount of money was used to increase living facilities or develop a nuclear missile. In another source, when Byung- Ho Chung visited North Korea, he asked how people in that country managed their lives during the difficult time. The North Korea tour guide just said â€Å"For us in North Korea, the thing that really matters is politics. The economy is nothing compared to politics. We are ready to endure hunger and sacrifice our lives for politics if necessary.† Kim assimilated his citizens that politic should become their first priority. North Korean military becomes dangerous and dominant over time while the quality of living remains the same for half of a century. The goal of unification of two parts of Korea is entirely different from each other. While Kim Jung Un only wants the country to be directed under his authority, South Korea seeks peace and freedom in its nation. It is a dilemma problem for political experts to solve. Hypothetically, The North follows the democratic system, would its citizens not make any rebellions to Kim? On the other sides, what would happen if the South change into Socialism? Would South Korea people be able to obey what Kim says even if his demand is unreasonable or dictatorial? Also, when Kim becomes the controller, who can stop him from using South Korea money to develop nuclear weapons? We all know that North Korea is the most dangerous potential nuclear force. People are anxious about each movement of North Korea military. Because, we all know that when the nuclear war happens, it will influence unimaginably enormous to the nations. No country can win in nuclear war. What it means is that in the end, the â€Å"winner† might end up less defeated than the â€Å"loser† but not too much of differences between two powers. Both sides of the conflict could have devastation occurred extremely quickly. â€Å"Two sides would have neither powers, nor laws, nor cities, nor cultures, nor cradles, nor tomb.† Also, nuclear weapons could be considered a holocaust. No one could survive after being involved. Additionally, national economic could be desolated. And it would take a lot of time and effort to restore as the origin. Seeing many adverse outcomes from nuclear programs, North Korea decides to stop working on nuclear weapons and find the way to unify with South Korea. Reunification between the North and the South has always been a dream for the President of the North Korea, Kim Jong Un. That idea has been held since Kim II Sung up until now. According The Hill, Harris said â€Å"He [Kim Jong Un] is after what his grandfather failed to do and his father failed to do, and he’s on a path to achieve what he feels is his natural place and where North Korea’s natural outcome is: a unified Korean peninsula that’s subject to the communist regime.† Reunification with the South brings to the North various benefits such as the developing in the economy and life qualification. Therefore, during last six decades, North Korea tried to set up many negotiating conferences to set peace between two parts of Korea. However, due to the differences between two nations, a peace treaty was still a difficult thing to come up. Until Early April 2019, after the Olympics event, the tension between two parts of Korea had a sign of reducing when South Korea sent a delegation to Pyongyang to meet Kim Jong Un. The purpose of this visiting is to prepare for a first summit meeting after holding high-level talks for more than a decade between North and South Korea. The summit meeting played a significant role in any possibility of peace on the Korean peninsula.  This summit was historic; it was believed to a be conference to erase the tension between two parts of Korea since 1953s. On April 27th, the first summit meeting finally happened with the participants of North and South Korea’s Leader. In the conference, Kim said â€Å"If we maintain frequent meetings and build trust with the United States and receive promises for an end to the war and a non-aggression treaty, then why would we need to live in difficulty by keeping our nuclear weapons?† After half of a century of setting troops at the border to keep uneasy peace, Kim Jong Un decided to stop the conflict and find the peace for citizens from both sides. The meeting was meant to have a peace treaty between two states of Korea by removing all of the nuclear missiles out of the Korean Peninsula. On the other hands, seeing the potential benefits when reunifying with the North, South Korea did many things to make unification happen. South Korea’s leader even started a committee to make the reunification becomes possible. Base on Mr. Moon’s perspective, the unity could help Korea to become wealthier by the help from North Korea. Additionally, for the last several years, North Korean society was one of the most sheltered guarded in the contemporary world. North Korea had a proud investment in preventing outsiders from seeing anything that might make a negative impact to the country. When reunifying the two parts of the continent, Korea could have a better military defense formed on North Korean military. Because of the common goal, at the summit, both North and South Korean agree to sign the peace agreement. Furthermore, Moon Jea-in met with North Korea’s president for the second time in a month to carry out the peace committee. Also, Prime Minister of Korea knows that if the meeting between Kim Jong Un and Donald Trump is not going well, denuclearization becomes impossible as well. Therefore, Mr. Moon supported Kim’s potential meeting with President Donald Trump for positive outcome. Korea authorities determinedly looked forward to developing sustainable peace between two countries. In conclusion, reunification is the only possible solution to help both sides of Korea develop. Even though the tension between North and South Korea has a sign of declaration. It is still challenging to consolidate as the two states have different views on the unification. In the North, Kim Jong-un wants to rule the country as a socialist system. While in the South, Mr. Prime minister seeks to modify the country democratically. In my opinion, to make reunifications happens, both Mr. Kim and Mr. Moon needs to reduce their egocentrism and look for the potential benefits beyond the unity. The key is to let Korean people live peacefully and improve the quality of life.   Although this reunification has to face obstacles, citizens from both sides are willing to try their best to let unification happen. Work cited: CBS/AP. â€Å"Seoul: North, South Korean Leaders Meet to Discuss U.S.-North Korean Summit.†Ã‚  CBS News, CBS Interactive, 26 May 2018, cbsnews.com/news/north-south-korean-leaders-meet-to-discuss-u-s-north-korean-summit-2018-05-26/. CNBC. â€Å"North, South Korea to Hold Summit on April 27.†Ã‚  CNBC, CNBC, 29 Mar. 2018, cnbc.com/2018/03/29/north-south-korea-to-hold-summit-on-april-27.html. Feffer, John. â€Å"Korean Reunification: The View From the North.†Ã‚  The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 16 June 2016, huffingtonpost.com/john-feffer/korean-reunification-the_b_7597430.html. Jervis, Robert. â€Å"The Political Effects of Nuclear Weapons: A Comment.†Ã‚  International Security, 1 Oct. 1988, jstor.org/stable/2538972 Kettley, Sebastian. â€Å"North and South Korea: When Did They Split? Why Were They at War?† Express.co.uk, 16 May 2017, express.co.uk/news/world/805398/North-Korea-split-South-border-DMZ-Kim-Jong-un-Kim-Il-sung-Korean-war-conflict-USA Kheel, Rebecca. â€Å"Top Admiral: North Korea Wants to Reunify Peninsula, Not Protect Rule.†Ã‚  TheHill, The Hill, 14 Feb. 2018, thehill.com/policy/defense/373803-top-admiral-north-korea-wants-to-reunify-peninsula-not-protect-regime. Kwon, Heonik, and Byung-Ho Chung â€Å"North Korea: beyond Charismatic Politics† Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012 Mark Stone, Asia Corespondent, in Pyongyang. â€Å"North And South Korea: A Quick History.† Sky News, 25 July 2013,news.sky.com/story/north-and-south-korea-a-quick-history-10439208 McKirdy, Euan. â€Å"South Korean Workers Leave Kaesong Industrial Park.†Ã‚  CNN, Cable News Network, 12 Feb. 2016, cnn.com/2016/02/11/asia/south-korea-kaesong-industrial-complex-closed/index.html. Sputnik. â€Å"History of Conflict Between North and South Koreas in Facts and Details.† Sputnik International, 20 Aug. 2015, sputniknews.com/analysis/201508201025995086/. Sang-hun, Choe. â€Å"North and South Korea Set Bold Goals: A Final Peace and No Nuclear Arms.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 27 Apr. 2018, nytimes.com/2018/04/27/world/asia/north-korea-south-kim-jong-un.html. Tonge-Hyung, Kim. â€Å"Kim Jong Un to Close North Korean Nuclear Test Site, Unify Time Zone with South Korea.†Ã‚  Global News, Global News, 29 Apr. 2018, globalnews.ca/news/4175208/kim-jong-un-close-north-korea-test-site/. Weathersby, Kathryn. The Korean War revisited.  The Wilson Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 3, 1999, p. 91+.  Literature Resource Center,  Accessed 5 May 2018. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A55306296/GLS?u=lynn16881&sid=GLS&xid=82a92296.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"What Does Kim Jong-Un Want?†Ã‚  Tufts Now, 7 Dec. 2017, now.tufts.edu/articles/what-does-kim-jong-un-want.

Aztec Empire :: Pre-Columbian History Culture

Aztec Empire The Aztec Empire was a Native American state that ruled much of what is now Mexico from about 1427 until 1521, when the empire was conquered by the Spaniards. The empire represented the highest point in the development of the rich Aztec civilization that had begun more than a century earlier. At the height of their power, the Aztec controlled a region stretching from the Valley of Mexico in central Mexico east to the Gulf of Mexico and south to Guatemala. The Aztec built great cities and developed a complex social, political, and religious structure. Their capital, Tenochitlan, was located on the site of present-day Mexico City. An elaborate city built on islands and marsh land, Tenochtitlà ¡n was possibly the largest city in the world at the time of the Spanish conquest. It featured a huge temple complex, a royal palace, and numerous canals. After the Spanish conquest, the empire of the Aztec was destroyed, but their civilization remained an important influence on the development of Mexican culture. Many present-day Mexicans are descended from the Aztec, and more than 1 million Mexicans speak Nahuatl, the native Aztec language, as their primary language. In Mexico City, searches continue to uncover temple foundations, statues, jewelry, and other artifacts of the Aztec civilization. Aztec refers both to the people who founded the empire, who called themselves Mexica, or Tenochca, and, more generally, to all of the many other Nahuatl-speaking ethnic groups that lived in the Valley of Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest. The name Aztec is derived from Aztlan, the mythical homeland of the Mexica; according to tradition, Aztlà ¡n was located northwest of the Valley of Mexico, possibly in west Mexico. The name Mexico is derived from Mexica. Long before the rise of the Aztec, the Valley of Mexico was the center of a highly developed civilization. A fertile basin, the valley was located 7800 ft above sea level. In its center lay five interconnected lakes dotted with marshy islands. From about AD 100 to 650 the valley was dominated by the city of Teotihuacan, center of a powerful religious, economic, and political state. After the decline of Teotihuacà ¡n, the Toltec people migrated into central Mexico from the north and established a conquest state there. The Toltec civilization reached its height in the 10th and 11th centuries. In the 13th century wandering bands of Nahuatl-speaking warriors, often called Chichimec, invaded the valley.

African American President Essay

Between the two articles; â€Å"Hell Yeah, There’s Still Slam-Banging Black Music† by Greg Tate and â€Å"Starting Now, There Is No Such Thing as Black Music† by Cord Jefferson, they are basically discussing the beginning times of when Black Music came about and how it became labeled Black Music. Also how there should be no such thing as Black Music due to certain circumstance. Going back to when Black Music first became labeled Black Music and thinking about all the important Black leader who stood up for their rights and some who accomplished successful things that were once thought could only be accomplished by the Whites, I believe Black Music being labeled Black Music should stay the same. I also think whether to be considered Black Music or not, it will always be up to ones decision on what they consider the type of music they listen to no matter what anyone else says. What is labeled Black Music today I think has very significant and important meaning to the African American culture because just like the article â€Å"Hell Yeah, There’s Still Slam-banging Black Music,† African Americans don’t even have a country to call their own. I think having something simply as a type of music the Black’s created to call their own I don’t think should be a big deal at all and should not be changed. The article also mentioned that everything Black’s did back then became a beauty, especially their music which I think would be easy for anyone to see just knowing the history of African Americans and what they had to do just to be where they are today, slave and discrimination free. There is also plenty of successful African Americans we know about living today and from back then that went through a lot just have some recognition for the African American culture. Some of these successful African Americans not only include Musicians, but also actress and or performers, novel writers, business owners, and today a African American President. I do believe there is a such thing as Black Music simply because the music portrayed as Black Music is still continued today as well as when it first started. In the article by Cord Jefferson, he’s trying to compare basketball to the matter calling it a White’s sport because it first being played by White males, but it wouldn’t make sense being called a White’s sports today when today it’s played by many different races other than White males. Not saying that there aren’t non-Black people recording what we as Americans consider Black Music, but the larger majority of artist recording what’s labeled as Black Music today are African Americans. That’s basically how it’s been since the beginning start of Black Music and that’s how I believe it will stay.

ACT Prep †Practice Tests, Study Guides, and Critical Info

ACT Prep - Practice Tests, Study Guides, and Critical Info SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips PrepScholar helps you prepare for the ACT by giving you free ACT resources. Browse through our comprehensive list of real, official ACT practice tests. Find out ACT general info, section strategies, section content, and other resources. To read our free blog resources, you don't need to register or create an account - you can get started today! PrepScholarhasa multitude of resources to help students. While we do have a paid Online Prep course, we also offer a stunning range of materials available for free on our blog right here. Think of this page as a flexible index of sorts that categorizes ACT Prep material for you! General ACT Info ACT Test DatesIntro to the ACTLast Minute ACT StrategiesWhat's a Good ACT Score? ACT Practice Tests ACT Practice Tests: Free and PrintableFree Older Official ACTPracticeHigh-Quality Alternatives to ACT Practice TestsHow to Get the Most Out of ACT Practice Tests ACT Math Getting StartedOverall GuideTargetinga 36StrategiesFormula StrategiesGuessing StrategiesPlugging in Numbers StrategiesQuestion Order Strategies ContentAlgebraic FunctionsAlgebraic OperationsCirclesConic SectionsCoordinate GeometryInequalitiesPolynomialsProbabilitiesSequencesStatistics ACT English Getting StartedOverall GuideTargeting a 36 StrategiesGeneral StrategiesGeneral Tips ContentAdd/Delete QuestionsAdjectives vs AdverbsFaulty ModifiersFormalityGrammar RulesIdiomsParallel StructureParts of SpeechPronoun AgreementPronoun CasePunctuationRelevance QuestionsRun-On Sentences and FragmentsSubject Verb AgreementTransition QuestionsVerb Tenses and FormsWord Choice and DictionWordiness and Redundancy ACT Reading Getting StartedOverall GuideTargeting a 36 Strategies and ContentApproaching ACT ReadingClassification / Question TypesHow to Stay FocusedInference QuestionsPaired PassagesTime Strategies ACT Science Getting StartedOverall ACT Science Guide Targeting a 36 StrategiesTime ManagementTop StrategiesWhyScience Is Really About Reading ContentCalculating QuestionsConflicting ViewpointsExperimental Design QuestionFactual QuestionsInterpreting ExperimentsInterpreting TrendsPassage Types ACT Writing Getting StartedOverall GuideTargeting a 12 Is ACT Writing Important? Strategies and Content Prompts Rubric Overall Tips How to Write an ACT Essay ACT Prep Plans Best ACT Prep BooksHow to Get a Perfect ACT Score10-Day ACT Study Plan College Resources Facts Straight From the Admissions OfficerHow College Admissions Officers Read RecommendationsHow to Get Into Harvard While the resources above are vast, if you want it packaged up all-in-one as part of a full ACT course with even more content, quizzes, and practice, we recommend our Online Prep Program. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

How to Prepare for Pre-Med in High School

How to Prepare for Pre-Med in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you a high school student with dreams of studying pre-med in college and becoming a doctor? Maybe you’ve heard how difficult it can be to get into med school and are trying to plan ahead in order to raise your chances of acceptance? Well, you’ve come to the right place! This guide will go over everything you can do in high school to make yourself more prepared to begin a pre-med program in college. I’ll go over the classes you should be taking, the extracurriculars you should be participating in, and what you need to be thinking about as a high school student. Feature Image Source: Flickr/ Ilmicrofono oggiono The Importance of Having a Game Plan Preparing for pre-med also means looking ahead to med school as well. In high school, you should be setting yourself up to succeed as a pre-med college student so that you can present your strongest application to med schools down the line. You likely know that, unless you’re applying for a BS/MD or BA/MD program, you don’t start med school until after you graduate college, when you’re about 22 years old. That’s years away! Why do you need to be thinking about med school now? The reason is that getting accepted into med school is notoriously competitive, and med schools will be looking for candidates with an obvious commitment to medicine. Think about it: if you needed to have an operation or a broken bone set or an illness diagnosed, you’d want someone who really cared about medicine, learned all they could about the subject, and were dedicated to their work, right? Not someone who became a doctor because they couldn’t think of a better job. Similarly, med schools also want to accept people who are passionate about medicine. So, while it’s not required to start planning for med school while in high school, starting pre-med off on the right foot and being able to show med schools that your interest in and commitment to medicine was obvious even back in high school will go a long way in showing them that this is a career you’re genuinely interested in and excited about. You want to be well prepared for pre-med by the time you start college and have already begun to gain the knowledge and skills necessary for being a great doctor. In the following sections, I’ll go over exactly how to do this! Skills and Knowledge You Need to Prepare for Pre-Med Again, being a great pre-med student means that, when the time comes to apply, you’ll be impressive to med schools and able to show them that you’re an ideal candidate. So, in high school, you’ll want to be thinking about how to be both a strong med school candidate as well as a strong pre-med candidate. What exactly do med schools look for in applicants? The best way to figure this out is to look directly at what med schools are saying. Here’s a sample of what three med schools are looking for in candidates. Their responses are similar to the majority of med schools across the country. NYU School of Medicine states that they take into account "excellence in coursework at the college level; capabilities as judged by college instructors and premedical committees; the results of the Medical College Admissions Test; and the results of an interview at the School." Additionally, they recommend courses in English, Biology, Chemistry (organic and inorganic), Physics, Biochemistry, and Genetics. The University of Michigan Medical School "holistically evaluates candidates for admission across a range of attributes necessary for successful development into a compassionate, skilled physician serving the needs of a diverse and changing population. These attributes include: Academic excellence Altruism Written and verbal communication Desire to learn Integrity and ethics Leadership Reliability and dependability Resilience and adaptability Social/interpersonal skills and teamwork" Stanford University School of Medicine states that, "Desirable candidates for admissions are academically ready to succeed in our curriculum, have life experiences that will enrich our learning environment, and have personal qualities that will serve them, their colleagues and their patients well in their professional lives." Now, obviously, some of those things, like MCAT scores and extensive college coursework you can’t really complete as a high school student. However, there’s still a lot you can start working on. As a high school student preparing for pre-med and eventually med school, you will want to focus primarily on three things: Preparing yourself for college classes Gaining experience relevant to med school Demonstrating personal qualities desirable in med school students and doctors Working on each of these three areas in high school will make it easier for you to succeed in college and impress med school admissions committees when it comes time to apply. Read on to learn how to accomplish each of these things! Using Your Classes to Prepare for Pre-Med Med schools won’t look at your high school grades when they review your application (although some allow AP credits earned in high school to cover certain entrance requirements), but colleges definitely will, so you shouldn’t slack off in high school. Doing well in your high school classes is important because, not only will it help you get accepted to your top colleges and their pre-med programs, it will also help give you the discipline and knowledge necessary to do well in college, when your grades really do matter for med school. If you have a pattern of getting high grades in high school, that will make it much easier to get high grades in college! Let’s look more specifically at the areas you should be focusing on. Science Classes In pre-med and med school, you’ll definitely be taking a lot of science classes, so it’s important to have a strong foundation in this subject by the time you enter college. Doing so will likely allow you to take more advanced science classes in college and get higher grades since you’re starting with solid background knowledge. If your school offers them, taking AP Biology and/or AP Chemistry are two of the best classes you can take to help you be prepared, since you’ll be taking multiple biology and chemistry classes in college. AP Physics is also useful since pretty much all med schools have a physics requirement as well. The MCAT also has numerous questions in each of these three subjects, so getting a firm foundation on them early on will help you when it comes time to study for that exam in college. Keep your notes from these classes, as well as any finals or comprehensive exams you took in them. They may come in handy later on if you need to quickly review basic information on a subject. Also, pay particular attention during labs. It can be tempting to zone out and let your lab partners take over every now and then, but lab work is something you’ll be doing throughout college and med school (and sometimes beyond), so it’s critical that you understand how to set up, run, and analyze an experiment. Additionally, the MCAT has a question type, called Research Design, that specifically tests your knowledge of research projects. If you have room in your schedule for science electives, see if your school offers any classes in biochemistry, human physiology, or a related class. Math Classes In addition to science, math is the other subject you should be focusing on in high school if you want to be pre-med. Like science, take advanced math classes, and the higher the level (i.e. AP Calculus BC over AB), the better. You’ll be taking multiple math classes as a pre-med, and, as your science classes become more advanced, they’ll begin to incorporate more higher-level math as well. Pre-med students often have rigorous course schedules, so you don’t want to fall behind or get overwhelmed because your math skills aren’t where they should be. The best classes to take to be prepared are pre-calculus and calculus, but if those aren’t offered, or you have extra room in your schedule, a statistics class will also be useful to take since statistics is used in many areas of medicine. In your math classes, pay particular attention to how to analyze graphs and data tables, since these topics will be specifically tested on the MCAT in its Graphical Analysis and Data questions, and you will often be asked to interpret visual data like these in your future classes. Taking challenging math classes can help prepare you for college pre-med classes and beyond. Other Subjects Even though math and science are the two most important subjects to focus on to prepare yourself for pre-med, you shouldn’t let your other classes suffer. Aim for solid, if not spectacular, grades across the board in your other subjects. In particular, you should also work to do well in your English classes. Strong writing and communication skills are important for both college and med school, and many med schools have an English requirement for their applicants. So, doing well in your high school English classes can only benefit you down the road. You may also want to consider social science classes in psychology and/or sociology. The MCAT has multiple questions on both of these subjects, and they can help you understand different areas of medicine better, even if you don’t specialize in psychology. This is because understanding why people behave the way they do and make the choices they do will help all doctors who work with patients and need to be understanding and supportive. Being an Exceptional Student For all of your courses, particularly your math and science classes, make sure you talk to your teacher if there is a concept you are struggling with. High school classes are usually much smaller than college classes, and you can use that additional one-on-one time to ask for help and clarification. This can be much more difficult to do in college because courses generally move at a faster pace, teachers are working with more students, and you’re often expected to come in with sufficient background knowledge. In order to do your best in your college classes, you want to minimize all the content gaps you have. So, if you don’t understand a particular chemistry lab or are baffled by your calculus homework, speak up! It’ll help you be more successful when you’re a pre-med student. Additionally, in your classes you should work to be a model student, not just through your grades but through the way you act as well. Make an effort to always complete work on time, encourage cooperation and teamwork when working in a group, and offer help when a teacher or classmate needs it. Most colleges require you to submit letters of recommendation from your teachers, and if a teacher can point to an instance where you helped a classmate who was struggling with homework or got your group to work together when people were disagreeing, that will make your application stand out much more than if they could only talk about your grades. Acting in a responsible, mature, and helpful way in high school will make it an easy pattern to follow by the time you start pre-med. Having strong letters of recommendation will help you get into your top pre-med schools of choice and will help you know what to expect when you need letters of rec for med school. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Using Your Extracurriculars to Prepare for Med School Your extracurriculars are also an important way to prepare for pre-med in college. Getting involved in extracurriculars that relate to medicine, or even just working directly with people, can help you decide if pre-med is really the best choice for you, and it’ll show schools that you’re serious about studying medicine. Additionally, if you do well in your extracurricular and impress your coaches or supervisors, they can help write you letters of recommendation when college admissions roll around. The best extracurricular to get involved in if you want to prepare for pre-med is volunteering at a hospital. This is because, even though you won’t be personally performing any medical work, it’ll give you the best idea of what being a doctor is like because you’ll be in a hospital, be working with patients, and be able to learn more about medicine by observing doctors and other medical professionals. As a college student, having hospital volunteering experience will give your med school applications a boost, and it will look even better if you began this work in high school. We have a complete guide to being a hospital volunteer which you should read through if you’re thinking about volunteering at a hospital. To get started, talk to your advisor or contact nearby hospitals to see if there are open volunteer positions. Other volunteer options include volunteering at a retirement home, homeless shelter, even a school. Basically any place where you interact regularly with people will help prepare you for working with patients. There are also clubs you can join that will help prepare you for pre-med, including science-related clubs like Science Olympiad or Science Fair that you can participate in. Over the summer, you may consider participating in a medical program specifically for high school students. These programs often take place at colleges or universities, and they give participants a chance to conduct research, observe doctors working, and/or learn how to conduct simple medical procedures. While they often have hefty price tags, they can be a great way to help decide if becoming a doctor is what you really want to do. Just like you are doing in your classes, strive to be a great member of whatever extracurriculars you choose to participate in. Take leadership opportunities whenever you can, whether that means gaining a leadership position in the club/activity, taking charge of a new event, or suggesting new ideas for the future. Additionally, be a team player whom people can trust to be on time, get their work done, and work well with others. Your coaches and supervisors are a great resource for letters of recommendation and, as with your classes, it’s never too early to show that you have the type of character a doctor needs and people who can attest to that. What If You Don't End Up Applying to Med School? So, what happens if things change and you decide that med school isn't for you? That's fine and actually very common. Most people who, at some point in their life, decide they want to be a doctor, end up changing their mind. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as discovering a different career that interests you more, learning you can't handle the sight of blood, or deciding that you don't want to be in school that long. Attending med school and working as a doctor requires a lot of long, hard hours, and, if you find yourself disliking the above activities or losing interest in the idea of med school, you absolutely should not become a doctor just out of fear of having wasted your time preparing for med school. Being a doctor when you love the profession is hard enough, and if you choose to become a doctor despite disliking the job, trust me, you'll be miserable. The good news is that, even if you follow all the above advice to the letter, you won't be behind your peers or at a disadvantage if you choose a completely different path than your original plan of med school. As I mention below, following the advice in this guide will help prepare you for any future major and career, perhaps with a slight math/science slant. That's because the steps you need to follow to prepare for med school - get good grades in a variety of subjects, obtain leadership experience, cultivate relationships with teachers and classmates - will serve you well in the future no matter what you end up majoring and what career you end up pursuing. Looking Ahead Now you know how preparing for pre-med in high school can help you be confident and successful when you begin college and eventually apply to med school. Taking higher-level classes, particularly in math and science, will help you be more prepared for your pre-med classes, the grades of which will be carefully scrutinized by med school admissions officers. Participating in extracurriculars related to the medical field will help you get skills you’ll use down the line and show med schools that you’re committed to being a doctor. All of that advice is useful no matter which med school you want to attend or what type of doctor you want to become. But, should you be doing more work in high school? Should you already be figuring out which med schools are your top choices and what you want your specialty to be so that you can tailor your classes and extracurriculars even more? The short answer is no. Trying to figure these things out so far ahead of time will only put added stress on you, and they won’t help you get accepted. Most pre-med students apply to over a dozen med schools, and, once you get into med school, many people don’t choose a specialty until their third year, after they've completed rotations and gotten a better sense of what different specialties are like. This means that no one is expecting you to have these things figured out as a high school student. Additionally, even if you are certain right now that you want to attend, say, John Hopkins for med school and become a pediatrician, there is a high chance that will end up changing your mind at some point in time, so trying to prepare exactly for that path can end up hindering you down the line. Instead of trying to have everything planned out, just follow the above steps which will help prepare you regardless of which med school and specialty you end up choosing. You can think about these things, but remember that you have plenty of time to keep your options open! What's Next? Curious about what classes you'll have to take in college for pre-med? Our article on the requirements for med school has you covered. Plus, check out our list of the seven books every pre-med student should read here. Wondering exactly which classes you should be taking in high school? We have guides that'll walk you through the math and science classes you should enroll in. You'll need top standardized test scores to get into the college of your choice. Read our guides, written by a perfect-scorer, on how to get a perfect score on the SAT and the ACT. Want a great extracurricular? Learn how to volunteer at a hospital and get a first-hand look at the work doctors do. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

AT&T Introduction and Corporate Ethics Assignment

AT&T Introduction and Corporate Ethics - Assignment Example AT&T has consistently been providing its consumers with reliable, durable and most importantly creative products for more than a century. AT&T is popular as a principal provider of IP-based communications all over the world. Among all US wireless carriers, AT&T happens to offer the maximum international coverage and is the fastest network of mobile broadband in the US. AT&T phones function internationally. The number of the total broadband connections of AT&T also exceeds those of all other companies in the US. Presently, AT&T is making its way into the entertainment industry by expanding its video packages. AT&T is trying to include many prestigious TV services including AT&T DIRECTV. â€Å"It's part of our "three-screen" integration strategy to deliver services across the three screens people rely on most — the mobile device, the PC and the TV† (AT&T, 2011). The customer services provided by AT&T are remarkable. One of the most fundamental and essential the traditions of AT&T is innovation. Making use of its technology, in the year 1927, AT&T located its way to the first ever transatlantic phone call. The UNIX operating system developed by AT&T played a fundamental role in the development of the Internet. Many other operating systems like Linux that are presently in use worldwide were originally derived from the UNIX operating system. ... â€Å"Today, our mission is to connect people with their world, everywhere they live and work, and do it better than anyone else. We're fulfilling this vision by creating new solutions for consumers and businesses and by driving innovation in the communications and entertainment industry† (AT&T, 2011). AT&T’s Vision AT&T developed its network globally with a view to providing the networking specialists in the AT&T Labs with plenty of resources in order to make them better equipped for making the disparate systems function together. AT&T has become a standard for others to compare themselves within the capacity of the world’s most efficient, reliable and the fastest global network.     

Discussion board 2 - Research Design Class Essay

Discussion board 2 - Research Design Class - Essay Example Such studies are also significant since they present near real life situations as opposed to case studies and experimental studies which may are always done under controlled conditions. An example of business-related research that might be better handled by longitudinal approaches are the buying patterns for grocery products among families in a specific town. This is because, such data will indicate changes in the in the buying patterns and behavior of those families and households over time. Another example of a longitudinal study is a research conducted to determine the suitability of a product in for a market over its lifetime in a market (product market research). This method of study in both cases is suitable since in the first case, measurement of data over time to determine trend is applicable. In the second example, the method is applicable it involves the establishment of temporal order. Posting 1 is correct in stating that longitudinal studies normally gather information on a population at a single point in time. The posting is however wrong to state that quantitative research can be performed more quickly than experimental and longitudinal design. This is because the later two designs are subsets of quantitative research. The US census is a longitudinal study in which case the posting is correct as it involves repetition in collection of the same (or similar) data over time. The example of changing product packaging as an experiment is correctly stated as two groups may be applied (views regarding the first packaging and the second packaging). An experimental study however would not provide answers as to why consumers would like one type of packaging and not the other as stated by the posting. In stating that â€Å"both methods are typically more expensive and time-consuming for a company than performing cross-sectional research†, posting 1 is wrong. This i s so since

Northcentral's Expectation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Northcentral's Expectation - Research Paper Example Introduction It is important for the researchers to clearly differentiate and distinguish the quantitative research method and qualitative research method. In order to make sure that the research is properly carried out and the stated aim and objectives are fulfilled in effective and efficient manner, it is essential for the researcher to carefully select the research method. For this purpose, the researcher should be able to clearly distinguish the two research methods from each other. The qualitative research method is descriptive as it focus on depth and details, on the other hand quantitative research method is precise as it focus on the quantity. The research designs in the quantitative research method are more formal and use more numbers and statistics. Apart from this the quantitative research designs are designed for the statistical treatment and analysis. On the other hand, the qualitative research method and designs focus more on different informal sources like words, image s and other things. This in turn, allow the researcher to get hold of the topic being investigated on more personal level. It is also important to acknowledge here that some researchers often use a mix method approach in which both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used. ... For this purpose, researchers also take help from different statistical tests. The numbers are interpreted with the help of different mathematical and statistical techniques for example, mean, frequency, z-score test, and many other. In order to increase the generalization of the research study, there should be large amount of information or data. Researchers normally use different well structured questionnaires and surveys in order to gather quantitative data. Along with this the experimental studies are also common in order to identify and establish causal relationship between difference variables. These experiments are either performed in controlled setting or non controlled setting (Creswell, 2007). In order to come up with the problem statement in the quantitative research study it is first essential to identify different variables which includes confounding variables, covariates, mediating variables, dependent variable, independent variable, etc. Along with this in quantitative research study the researcher has to come up with different research questions and the related proposed hypothesis. The researcher should make sure that the research questions and hypothesis are formulated in such a manner that they are aligned with the problem statement of the research study. Hypotheses are only formulated in the quantitative research study or mix method research study. The quantitative research study focuses on exploring the direct relationship between two or more variables with the help of different tests and experiments. For this reason, in quantitative research studies and mix method research studies it is essential for the researcher to present the operational definition of the

Competition Act Case Essay Example for Free

Competition Act Case Essay In a telling judgement, the Supreme Court of India, on Sep. 9, 2010, has effectively and judiciously circumscribed the boundaries of exercise of power by both the Competition Commission of India (CCI/Commission) and the Competition Appellate Tribunal (â€Å"the Tribunal†) while delivering its verdict in the much awaited case Competition Commission of India v. Steel Authority of India Ltd. This Note captures the highlights of the decision for readers of this Blog! Background: The Court was hearing an appeal by the CCI against the order dated Feb. 15, 2010 of the Tribunal in Steel Authority of India Ltd. v. Jindal Steel Power Ltd. Jindal Steel had filed a complaint before CCI alleging anti-competitive practices and abusive behaviour by SAIL while it entered into an exclusive supply agreement with Indian Railways. Upon receipt of the complaint/information, CCI issued notice to SAIL to furnish certain information for within two weeks from the date of receipt of such notice. SAIL requested for an extension of time upto six weeks to file the required information. CCI in its meting deliberated on the request and decided not to grant any further extension. In the said meeting CCI also formed a prima facie opinion on the existence of the case and directed the Director General (DG) to inquire into the matter pursuant to its powers under Section 26(1) of the Competition Act, 2002 (â€Å"the Act†). SAIL challenged this direction before the Tribunal claiming that CCI could not have formed a prima facie opinion without hearing it first. SAIL also contended that CCI has not recorded any reasons while forming the prima facie opinion and that the time provided by CCI to file information was grossly inadequate. While filing the appeal before Tribunal, SAIL did not implead CCI as a party. CCI thus filed an application before Tribunal for impleading itself as a necessary and proper party and also assailed the very maintainability of appeal. The Tribunal, in its detailed order, holding that even the direction to inquire was appealable under Section 53A(1) of the Act noted that CCI could not have directed the DG to inquire into the complaint without having heard SAIL. It further noted that CCI was neither a necessary nor a proper party in appeals filed by an aggrieved party before the Tribunal. The Tribunal also noted that CCI did not record any reasons while declining to grant extension of time and hence it in violation of principles of natural justice. Appeal before the Supreme Court: Aggrieved by the order of the Tribunal, CCI approached the Supreme Court which framed six broad issues noting some of the allied issues raised by the parties: (i) Whether the direction passed by the Commission u/s. 26(1) of the Act while forming prima facie opinion would be appealable u/s/ 53A(1) of the Act? (ii) What is the scope of the power vested with Commision u/s. 26(10 of the Act and whether parties including the informant and other affected parties are entitled to notice at the stage of formation of prima facie opinion? (iii) Whether the Commission would be necessary or at least a proper part in proceedings before the Tribunal? (iv) At what stage and in what manner the Commission can exercise its powers u/s. 33 of the Act while passing interim orders? (v) Whether it is obligatory for the Commission to record reasons while forming prima facie opinion? (vi) What directions, if any, need to be issued by the Court for ensuring proper compliance of the procedural requirements while keeping in mind the scheme and object of the Act? The Verdict: Issue 1: The Court made an exhaustive study of the scheme and the provisions of the Act and rules of statutory interpretation, noted the distinction between â€Å"and† and â€Å"or†, referred to Indian, UK and European decisions to unearth settled principles of law and finally concluded that Section 53A(1) of the Act expressly provides for what decisions or orders or directions may be appealed before Tribunal. The Court noted that right to appeal is a substantive right which derives its legitimacy from the operation of law or statute. If the Statute does not provide for an appeal, the Court cannot presume such right. The direction to cause an investigation into a matter is passed under Section 26(1) of the Act does not determine any right or obligation of the parties to the lis. It does not find mention in Section 53A(1) of the Act and hence, the Court found that such orders would not be appealable under the Act. Issue 2 and 5: The Court noted that the exclusion of principles of natural justice (PNJ) is a well known concept and the legislature has the competence to enact such laws. Whether the exclusion of application of PNJ would vitiate the entire proceedings would depend upon the nature and facts of every case in the light of the Act or Rules and Regulation applicable to the case. The Court, then, read into various provisions of the Act and the Competition Commission of India (General) Regulations, 2009 in order to determine the nature of functions of the Commission under various provisions. The Court found that at the face of it, the exercise of power u/s. 26(1) of the Act while forming prima facie opinion is inquisitorial and regulatory. It held that while forming prima facie opinion, the Commission does not condemn anyone. This function is not adjudicatory in nature but merely administrative. This function is in the nature of preparatory measures in contrast to the decision making process and hence right of notice of hearing is not contemplated u/s. 26(1) of the Act. On the issue of reasons to be recorded at the stage of forming prima facie opinion, the Court held that the Commission must express its mind in no uncertain terms that it is of the view that prima facie case exists. Such opinion should be formed on the basis of the records, including the information furnished and reference made to the Commission. The reasons may not be in detail but there must be minimum reasons substantiating the view of the Commission. Issue 3: The Court reiterated the settled position of law relating necessary party and proper party. A necessary party is one without whom no order can be made effectively whereas a proper party is one in whose absence an effective order can be made but whose presence is necessary for a complete and final decision on the question involved in the proceeding. Applying the principle of dominus litus, the Court then noted that in cases where the Commission initiates a proceedings suo moto it shall be the proper party. In all other proceedings, it shall be a necessary party. Issue 4: On powers of the Commission u/s. 33, the Court noted in following terms: â€Å"During an inquiry and where the Commission is satisfied that the act is in contravention of the provisions stated in Section 33 of the Act, it may issue an order temporarily restraining the party from carrying on such act, until the conclusion of such inquiry or until further orders without giving notice to such party, where it deems it necessary. This power has to be exercised by the Commission sparingly and under compelling and exceptional circumstances. The Commission, while recording a reasoned order inter alia should : (a) record its satisfaction (which has to be of much higher degree than formation of a prima facie view under Section 26(1) of the Act) in clear terms that an act in contravention of the stated provisions has been committed and continues to be committed or is about to be committed; (b) It is necessary to issue order of restraint and (c) from the record before the Commission, it is apparent that there is every likelihood of the party to the lis, suffering irreparable and irretrievable damage or there is definite apprehension that it would have adverse effect on competition in the market.† Issue 6: One of the major outcomes of the case relates to the Court’s recognition and affirmation of the expeditious disposal of complaints filed before the Commission. The Court found this to be a fit case to issue certain guidelines in the larger interest of the justice administration. These directions weigh special worth in the light of the fact the Commission, even after more than one year of the enforcement of the operative provisions of the Act, has not issued its order in a single contentious case. The Court passed following guidelines: (a) Even though the time period for forming prima facie opinion by the Commission is provided in the Regulations (i.e. 60 days from the date of filing information) it is expected of the Commission to hold its meetings and record its opinion about existence or otherwise of a prima facie case within a period much shorter than the stated period. (b) All proceedings including investigation and inquiry by the Commission/DG must be completed expeditiously while securing the objectives of the Act. (c) Wherever during the course of inquiry the Commission exercises its jurisdiction to pass interim orders, it should pass a final order in that behalf as expeditiously as possible and in any case not later than 60 days. (d) The reports by the Director General u/s. 26(2) should be submitted within the time as directed by the Commission but in all cases not later than 45 days from the date of passing of directions in terms of Section 26(1) of the Act. (e) The Commission/DG shall maintain complete confidentiality as envisaged u/s. 57 of the Act and Regulation 35 of the Regulations. Wherever the ‘confidentiality’ is breached, the aggrieved party certainly has the right to approach the Commission for issuance of appropriate directions in terms of the provisions of the Act and the Regulations in force. Reading between the Lines: The verdict of the Apex Court bears immense significance given the timing of and issues involved in the judgement. It may be noted that both â€Å"competition law and policy† and the Commission are at a very nascent stage within the broad regulatory matrix of Indian economy. The judgement of the Supreme Court has rightly echoed the sentiments of proponents of free and fair market economy and it shall go in long way to effective sketch the competition law landscape in the country. At this point, I would like draw some conclusions which may not seem apparent at the face of it. They are as follows: (i) The Court, in its opening paragraphs, notes the importance of competition law and policy for any free market economy referring to three types of efficiencies: i.e. allocative, productive and dynamic. The Court observes that the main objective of competition law is to promote economic efficiency using competition as one of the means of assisting the creation of market responsive to consumer preferences. While it may be too early to conclude, but this certainly indicates that Indian Courts are going to lean towards Chicago School of Thought in the Chicago-Harvard dichotomy. It is the Chicago School of Economists which has brought the efficiency test as a dominant factor in last three decades in US Courts. (ii) While highlighting the aims of competition law, the Court makes a mention of the relevant laws of other jurisdictions including that of USA, UK and Australia. It would not be far-fetched to argue that the Court has indirectly hinted that in future, it shall definitely take into account the competition law jurisprudence developed in these jurisdictions while deciding contentious issues. That the Supreme Court is going to rely on EU and US Court decisions while explaining the substantive concepts involved in competition law is further strengthened by the fact that the Court referred to two decisions EU courts i.e. CFI and ECJ in its very first judgement related to the new Act even when there was no substantive concept of competition law as such involved. Remarks: (i) The Court has very effectively defined the ambit and scope of the powers of the Commission and the Tribunal at the stage of forming of prima facie opinion. No jurisdiction generally allows challenging the direction passed by the competition authorities to initiate investigation. However, there may be cases where the amount of information to be filed would be voluminous and the Commission in such cases must provide adequate time. It is doubtful whether a person would be able to challenge the denial of extension of time by the Commission in such cases. (ii) In larger interest of justice administration, the Court passed certain directions till the Commission formulates its own regulations in that regard. Though such a step by the Court is quite welcome, but the timelines provided by the Court are quite unreasonable and strict. For example, the Court has directed that the DG must submit its report within 45 days u/s. 26(2) of the Act. This seems quite onerous to be implemented in practice. The collection of evidence and ascertainment of facts would require the DG to issue notices to relevant parties. Such parties would have to prepare their responses which they intend to file before DG. All this may not be done within 45 days of time period. (iii)Though I fully agree with the Court’s reasoning as to why Commission needs to give notice to parties at the time of forming prima facie opinion; the analysis seems to be incomplete as the judgement has not even referred to provisions of Section 36 of the Act. The Court should have analyzed the provisions of Section 36 while discussing the issue of compliance or non-compliance of PNJ. (iv)Finally, the Court also states that â€Å"as far as American law is concerned, it is said that the Sherman Act, 1890, is the first codification of recognized common law principles of competition law.† I do not want to sound picky, but to my limited knowledge, Canada was the first country to enact its Competition Act which was one year prior to the Sherman Act i.e. in 1889.